BIOGRAPHY
David J Howe has been involved with Doctor Who research and writing for over forty years. He has been consultant to a large number of publishers and manufacturers for their Doctor Who lines, and is author or co-author of over thirty factual titles associated with the show. He also has one of the largest collections of Doctor Who merchandise in the world.
David was contributing editor to Starburst Magazine for seventeen years from 1984 - 2001. From 1994 he was book reviews editor for Shivers Magazine until it ceased publication in 2008. In addition he has written articles, interviews and reviews for a wide number of publications, including Fear, Dreamwatch, Infinity, Stage and Television Today, The Dark Side, Doctor Who Magazine, The Guardian, Film Review, SFX, Sci-Fi Entertainment, Collectors' Gazette, Deathray, Doctor Who Insider and the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
He edited the bi-monthly newsletter of the British Fantasy Society from 1992 to 1995, and also edited and published several books for them, including the British and World Fantasy Award shortlisted Manitou Man, a limited edition hardback and paperback collection of short fiction by horror author Graham Masterton. He was Chair of the BFS from 2010 to 2011, and edited their fortieth anniversary anthology, Full Fathom Forty, published in September 2011.
He wrote the book Reflections: The Fantasy Art of Stephen Bradbury for Dragon's World Publishers and has contributed short fiction to Peeping Tom, Dark Asylum, Decalog, Dark Horizons, Kimota, Perfect Timing, Perfect Timing II, Missing Pieces, Shrouded by Darkness, Murky Depths, Terror Tales of London and Flesh Like Smoke and factual articles to James Herbert: By Horror Haunted, The Radio Times Guide To Science Fiction and 1001 Television Series To See Before You Die. He wrote the screenplay for Daemos Rising, a film released on DVD by Reeltime Pictures in 2004, and was contributing writer for White Witch of Devil's End, a drama released on DVD by Koch Media in 2017. A book of his fiction, talespinning, appeared from Telos Publishing in September 2011.
He is Editorial Director of Telos Publishing Ltd, a UK based independent press specialising in horror/science fiction Novellas, crime novels, and guides to a variety of film and TV shows. In 2006 the company won the World Fantasy Award for their publishing work, and in 2010 celebrated their tenth anniversary while also receiving the British Fantasy Award for Best Small Press for two consecutive years in 2010 and 2011. 2020 marked twenty years of publishing.
He currently contributes liner notes for BBC Audio's range of Doctor Who novelisation CDs.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
MAGAZINES
1977 - 1981. Fanzine Oracle published (mostly) monthly. 36 Issues.
1982. Published a Doctor Who Tapezine. 1 Issue.
1994. Edited and published The Making of The Five Doctors for the Doctor Who Appreciation Society.
1985 – 1993. Co-editor and publisher of The Frame, a high quality (fully typeset, colour covers etc) Doctor Who fanzine.
1980 - 2003 .Articles for Fanzines: An Adventure in Space and Time (1980-1985) and In-Vision (1985-2003) (both series published by CyberMark Services):
'Writing for Target in the Seventies' - AAiST Season Ten Special1986 – present day, contributor to Marvel Comics’ Doctor Who magazine, providing columns ('Howeswho', 'Collectors Corner'), interviews, features and news items as well as consultancy.
'The Pertwee Merchandise' - AAiST Season Eleven
'Celestial toyroom' - In·Vision Season 12 Overview
'Targeting the Doctor' - In·Vision Season 13 Overview
'Better by design' - In·Vision 'The Robots of Death'
'Toy Time' - In·Vision Season 15 Overview
'Starring Tom Baker as Dr. Who' - In·Vision The Key to Time (Season 16 Overview))
1986 – 2001. Monthly book review column for Starburst magazine (150+ columns). Reviewing fantasy, science fiction and horror titles as well as contributing book-related interviews and other feature material.
1994 – 2008. Monthly book review column for Shivers magazine (100+ columns). Reviewing horror titles.
1996. Monthly column in Infinity magazine. 6 issues (and then the magazine folded).
2006 - 2007. Monthly Doctor Who merchandise column in Collectors Gazette magazine.
2011. Irregular column for Doctor Who Insider Magazine. 11 editions (and then the magazine folded)
1994 – 2008. Monthly book review column for Shivers magazine (100+ columns). Reviewing horror titles.
1996. Monthly column in Infinity magazine. 6 issues (and then the magazine folded).
2006 - 2007. Monthly Doctor Who merchandise column in Collectors Gazette magazine.
2011. Irregular column for Doctor Who Insider Magazine. 11 editions (and then the magazine folded)
2020 - present day. Irregular column 'Howeswho' for TARDIS magazine (Ed. Robbie Dunlop, DWAS)
ANTHOLOGY CONTRIBUTIONS
Two articles in James Herbert: By Horror Haunted (hardback, ed. Stephen Jones, 1992, Hodder and Stoughton)
Two Drabbles in Doctor Who: Drabble Who (hardback, co-edited with David Wake, 1993, Beccon Publishing)
Drabble in Who XL (magazine, ed. Ian Wheeler, 2004, Doctor Who Appreciation Society)
'Suspiria' in Cinema Macabre (hardback, ed. Mark Morris, 2006, PS Publishing)
Several interviews in Talkback: The unofficial and unauthorised Doctor Who interview book: Volume One: The Sixties (paperback, ed. Stephen James Walker, 2006, Telos Publishing)
Several interviews in Talkback: The unofficial and unauthorised Doctor Who interview book: Volume Two: The Seventies (paperback, ed. Stephen James Walker, 2006, Telos Publishing)
Several interviews in Talkback: The unofficial and unauthorised Doctor Who interview book: Volume Three: The Eighties (paperback, ed. Stephen James Walker, 2007, Telos Publishing)
Nine articles in 1001 Television Series to Watch Before You Die (paperback, ed. Paul Condon, 2015)
SHORT FICTION
Short story: 'Fascination' included in Doctor Who: Decalog (paperback, ed. Mark Stammers and Stephen James Walker, March 1994, Virgin Publishing).
Short horror story: 'Moonlighting' included in Peeping Tom magazine number 14, published April 1994.
Short horror story: 'The Third Time' included in The Dark Asylum magazine number 1, published March 1995.
Short story: 'Bear Paw Adventure' included in Perfect Timing (paperback, ed. Mark Phippen and Helen Fayle, November 1998)
Short horror story: 'Party Girl' included in Kimota magazine number 11, published 1999. Reprinted in Undiscovered Countries issue 14, published 2000.
Short story: 'Goodbye Rembrandt' included in Perfect Timing II (paperback, ed. Helen Fayle and Julian Eales, November 1999)
Short story: 'Mind over Matter' included in Missing Pieces (paperback, ed. Shaun Lyon and Mark Phippen, February 2001)
Short horror story: 'My Garden' included in Dark Horizons #43 (paperback, ed. Debbie Bennett, May 2003)
Short horror story: 'Blackfriars' included in Shrouded by Darkness: Tales of Terror (paperback/hardback, ed. Alison L R Davies, September 2006, Telos Publishing)
Short horror story: 'Record Collector Blues' included in talespinning (paperback, September 2011, Telos Publishing)
Short SF story: 'Recursions' included in talespinning (paperback, September 2011, Telos Publishing)
Short story: 'It Started With a Rose' included in talespinning (paperback, September 2011, Telos Publishing). Also available as a video reading: https://youtu.be/4rYR3M_SRKI
Short horror story: 'Susan' included in talespinning (paperback, September 2011, Telos Publishing). Also available as an audio reading: https://youtu.be/dJZz9oM6ACY
Short horror story: 'Night Terrors' included in talespinning (paperback, September 2011, Telos Publishing)
Short horror story: 'The Outcast Dead' included in Terror Tales of London (paperback, ed. Paul Finch, 2013, Gray Friar Press)
Short horror story: 'Survival of the Fittest' (written with Sam Stone) included in Flesh Like Smoke (paperback, ed. Brian M Sammons, 2015, April Moon)
Short horror story: 'Don't Bite Your Nails' included in Tales from the Weekend (paperback, Ed. David J Howe. 2017, Telos Publishing)
ANTHOLOGY CONTRIBUTIONS
Two articles in James Herbert: By Horror Haunted (hardback, ed. Stephen Jones, 1992, Hodder and Stoughton)
Two Drabbles in Doctor Who: Drabble Who (hardback, co-edited with David Wake, 1993, Beccon Publishing)
Drabble in Who XL (magazine, ed. Ian Wheeler, 2004, Doctor Who Appreciation Society)
'Suspiria' in Cinema Macabre (hardback, ed. Mark Morris, 2006, PS Publishing)
Several interviews in Talkback: The unofficial and unauthorised Doctor Who interview book: Volume One: The Sixties (paperback, ed. Stephen James Walker, 2006, Telos Publishing)
Several interviews in Talkback: The unofficial and unauthorised Doctor Who interview book: Volume Two: The Seventies (paperback, ed. Stephen James Walker, 2006, Telos Publishing)
Several interviews in Talkback: The unofficial and unauthorised Doctor Who interview book: Volume Three: The Eighties (paperback, ed. Stephen James Walker, 2007, Telos Publishing)
Nine articles in 1001 Television Series to Watch Before You Die (paperback, ed. Paul Condon, 2015)
SHORT FICTION
Short story: 'Fascination' included in Doctor Who: Decalog (paperback, ed. Mark Stammers and Stephen James Walker, March 1994, Virgin Publishing).
Short horror story: 'Moonlighting' included in Peeping Tom magazine number 14, published April 1994.
Short horror story: 'The Third Time' included in The Dark Asylum magazine number 1, published March 1995.
Short story: 'Bear Paw Adventure' included in Perfect Timing (paperback, ed. Mark Phippen and Helen Fayle, November 1998)
Short horror story: 'Party Girl' included in Kimota magazine number 11, published 1999. Reprinted in Undiscovered Countries issue 14, published 2000.
Short story: 'Goodbye Rembrandt' included in Perfect Timing II (paperback, ed. Helen Fayle and Julian Eales, November 1999)
Short story: 'Mind over Matter' included in Missing Pieces (paperback, ed. Shaun Lyon and Mark Phippen, February 2001)
Short horror story: 'My Garden' included in Dark Horizons #43 (paperback, ed. Debbie Bennett, May 2003)
Short horror story: 'Blackfriars' included in Shrouded by Darkness: Tales of Terror (paperback/hardback, ed. Alison L R Davies, September 2006, Telos Publishing)
Short horror story: 'Record Collector Blues' included in talespinning (paperback, September 2011, Telos Publishing)
Short SF story: 'Recursions' included in talespinning (paperback, September 2011, Telos Publishing)
Short story: 'It Started With a Rose' included in talespinning (paperback, September 2011, Telos Publishing). Also available as a video reading: https://youtu.be/4rYR3M_SRKI
Short horror story: 'Susan' included in talespinning (paperback, September 2011, Telos Publishing). Also available as an audio reading: https://youtu.be/dJZz9oM6ACY
Short horror story: 'Night Terrors' included in talespinning (paperback, September 2011, Telos Publishing)
Short horror story: 'The Outcast Dead' included in Terror Tales of London (paperback, ed. Paul Finch, 2013, Gray Friar Press)
Short horror story: 'Survival of the Fittest' (written with Sam Stone) included in Flesh Like Smoke (paperback, ed. Brian M Sammons, 2015, April Moon)
Short horror story: 'Don't Bite Your Nails' included in Tales from the Weekend (paperback, Ed. David J Howe. 2017, Telos Publishing)
Short Doctor Who spin off story: 'Daemos Returns' included in The Daemons of Devil's End (paperback, Ed. Sam Stone, 2018, Telos Publishing - two editions)
Short horror story: 'Moses' included in Terror Tales of the Home Counties (paperback, ed. Paul Finch, 2020, Telos Publishing)
Short horror story: 'A Visit to Slough' included in Phantasmagoria Magazine Special Edition 1 (large format paperback, ed. Trevor Kennedy, TK Pulp, 2019).
BOOKS - NON-FICTION
Doctor Who The Sixties (hardback, co-written with Stephen James Walker & Mark Stammers, 1992, Virgin Publishing. Paperback published 1993)
Doctor Who The Seventies (hardback, co-written with Walker and Stammers, 1994, Virgin Publishing. Paperback published 1995)
Doctor Who The Eighties (hardback, co-written with Walker and Stammers, 1996, Virgin Publishing. Paperback published 1997)
Doctor Who The Handbook: The Fourth Doctor (paperback, co-written with Walker & Stammers, 1992, Virgin Publishing)
Doctor Who The Handbook: The Sixth Doctor (paperback, co-written with Walker & Stammers, 1993, Virgin Publishing)
Doctor Who The Handbook: The First Doctor (paperback, co-written with Walker & Stammers, 1994, Virgin Publishing)
Doctor Who The Handbook: The Fifth Doctor (paperback, co-written with Walker, 1995, Virgin Publishing)
Doctor Who The Handbook: The Third Doctor (paperback, co-written with Walker, 1996, Virgin Publishing)
Doctor Who The Handbook: The Second Doctor (paperback, co-written with Walker & Stammers, 1997 Virgin Publishing)
Doctor Who The Handbook: The Seventh Doctor (paperback, co-written with Walker, 1998 Virgin Publishing)
Doctor Who: Timeframe – The Illustrated History (hardback, 1993, Virgin Publishing – The official 30th anniversary of Doctor Who book. Paperback published 1994)
Doctor Who: Companions (hardback, co-written with Stammers, 1995, Virgin Publishing. Paperback published 1996)
Text and photograph coordination for Doctor Who 1996 Diary (hardback, 1995 Mallon Publishing, Australia)
Reflections: The Fantasy Art of Stephen Bradbury (text, limp-back, 1996, Paper Tiger)
Doctor Who TX File (text for filofax insert book, 1996, BBC Publishing)
Doctor Who: I Am The Doctor (hardback, co-written with Jon Pertwee, 1996, Virgin Publishing – Jon Pertwee’s Doctor Who autobiography)
Doctor Who: A Book of Monsters (hardback, 1997, BBC Publishing). Also available as a digital edition, titled Doctor Who Monsters: A Beastiary 1963 - 1996.
Doctor Who: The Television Companion (paperback, co-written with Walker, 1998, BBC Publishing)
Howe’s Transcendental Toybox: The Unauthorised Guide to Doctor Who Collectibles (paperback, co-written with Arnold T Blumberg, 2000, Telos Publishing)
The Television Companion: The Unofficial and Unauthorised Guide to Doctor Who (paperback/hardback, co-written with Walker, 2003, Telos Publishing)
Howe’s Transcendental Toybox: Second Edition: The Unauthorised Guide to Doctor Who Collectibles (paperback, co-written with Blumberg, 2003, Telos Publishing)
Howe’s Transcendental Toybox: Update No.1: 2003 (paperback, co-written with Blumberg, 2004, Telos Publishing)
The Handbook: The Unofficial and Unauthorised Guide to the Production of Doctor Who (paperback/hardback, co-written with Walker and Stammers, 2005, Telos Publishing)
Howe’s Transcendental Toybox: Update No.2: 2004-2005 (paperback, co-written with Blumberg, 2006, Telos Publishing)
The Target Book (paperback/hardback, 2007, 2016 (revised hardback), Telos Publishing)
Howe’s Transcendental Toybox: Update No.3: 2006-2009 (paperback, co-written with Blumberg, October 2011, Telos Publishing)
Then and Now: Doctor Who in Review: Vol 1 (paperback, August 2015)
BOOKS - NON-FICTION
Doctor Who The Sixties (hardback, co-written with Stephen James Walker & Mark Stammers, 1992, Virgin Publishing. Paperback published 1993)
Doctor Who The Seventies (hardback, co-written with Walker and Stammers, 1994, Virgin Publishing. Paperback published 1995)
Doctor Who The Eighties (hardback, co-written with Walker and Stammers, 1996, Virgin Publishing. Paperback published 1997)
Doctor Who The Handbook: The Fourth Doctor (paperback, co-written with Walker & Stammers, 1992, Virgin Publishing)
Doctor Who The Handbook: The Sixth Doctor (paperback, co-written with Walker & Stammers, 1993, Virgin Publishing)
Doctor Who The Handbook: The First Doctor (paperback, co-written with Walker & Stammers, 1994, Virgin Publishing)
Doctor Who The Handbook: The Fifth Doctor (paperback, co-written with Walker, 1995, Virgin Publishing)
Doctor Who The Handbook: The Third Doctor (paperback, co-written with Walker, 1996, Virgin Publishing)
Doctor Who The Handbook: The Second Doctor (paperback, co-written with Walker & Stammers, 1997 Virgin Publishing)
Doctor Who The Handbook: The Seventh Doctor (paperback, co-written with Walker, 1998 Virgin Publishing)
Doctor Who: Timeframe – The Illustrated History (hardback, 1993, Virgin Publishing – The official 30th anniversary of Doctor Who book. Paperback published 1994)
Doctor Who: Companions (hardback, co-written with Stammers, 1995, Virgin Publishing. Paperback published 1996)
Text and photograph coordination for Doctor Who 1996 Diary (hardback, 1995 Mallon Publishing, Australia)
Reflections: The Fantasy Art of Stephen Bradbury (text, limp-back, 1996, Paper Tiger)
Doctor Who TX File (text for filofax insert book, 1996, BBC Publishing)
Doctor Who: I Am The Doctor (hardback, co-written with Jon Pertwee, 1996, Virgin Publishing – Jon Pertwee’s Doctor Who autobiography)
Doctor Who: A Book of Monsters (hardback, 1997, BBC Publishing). Also available as a digital edition, titled Doctor Who Monsters: A Beastiary 1963 - 1996.
Doctor Who: The Television Companion (paperback, co-written with Walker, 1998, BBC Publishing)
Howe’s Transcendental Toybox: The Unauthorised Guide to Doctor Who Collectibles (paperback, co-written with Arnold T Blumberg, 2000, Telos Publishing)
The Television Companion: The Unofficial and Unauthorised Guide to Doctor Who (paperback/hardback, co-written with Walker, 2003, Telos Publishing)
Howe’s Transcendental Toybox: Second Edition: The Unauthorised Guide to Doctor Who Collectibles (paperback, co-written with Blumberg, 2003, Telos Publishing)
Howe’s Transcendental Toybox: Update No.1: 2003 (paperback, co-written with Blumberg, 2004, Telos Publishing)
The Handbook: The Unofficial and Unauthorised Guide to the Production of Doctor Who (paperback/hardback, co-written with Walker and Stammers, 2005, Telos Publishing)
Howe’s Transcendental Toybox: Update No.2: 2004-2005 (paperback, co-written with Blumberg, 2006, Telos Publishing)
The Target Book (paperback/hardback, 2007, 2016 (revised hardback), Telos Publishing)
Howe’s Transcendental Toybox: Update No.3: 2006-2009 (paperback, co-written with Blumberg, October 2011, Telos Publishing)
Then and Now: Doctor Who in Review: Vol 1 (paperback, August 2015)
Then and Now: Doctor Who in Review: Vol 2 (paperback, December 2017)
The Who Adventures (hardback, 2021, Telos Publishing)
BOOKS - FICTION
BOOKS - FICTION
Doctor Who: Drabble Who (hardback, co-edited with David Wake, 1993, Beccon Publishing – collection of 100 short pieces of Doctor Who-related fiction and verse published for charity)
Time Hunter: Child of Time (paperback/hardback, co-written with George Mann, 2007, Telos Publishing). Also available in digital formats, and as an Audio from Fantom Films.
talespinning (paperback, September 2011, Telos Publishing)
Time Hunter: Child of Time (paperback/hardback, co-written with George Mann, 2007, Telos Publishing). Also available in digital formats, and as an Audio from Fantom Films.
talespinning (paperback, September 2011, Telos Publishing)
Daemos Rising (paperback, August 2019, Telos Publishing - two editions)
Mindgame (paperback, July 2020, Telos Publishing - two editions)
SCREENPLAYS
Daemos Rising (Reeltime Pictures, DVD release, March 2004) 'creepy, Hammer-inspired horror' Digital Spy
White Witch of Devil's End (contributing writer, Reeltime Pictures/Koch Media, DVD release, October 2017)
ABORTED PROJECTS
Doctor Who: Daleks! book to be published by W H Allen, 1989.
Doctor Who: Memories and Magic book to be published by Salamander, 1995.
Consultant, Editor and Writer on Doctor Who: The Interactive Experience, a computer-controlled Doctor Who telephone line, 1997.
Doctor Who Fact Files, a series of collectible cards on all aspects of the show. Orbis Direct, 1998.
The Terrifying Time Travelling Guide: A Randomised Trip through the Adventures of Doctor Who. Unofficial activity book to be published by Paragon Books.
OTHER
Ran the Doctor Who Appreciation Society's Reference Department from 1979 until 1986.
Consultancy to Fine Art Castings on their range of miniature metal models from Doctor Who (1986-1987)
Directed two of Reeltime Pictures' Myth Makers series of video interviews. With Ian Marter (1987) and Mary Tamm (1990).
Text for booklets to accompany MBI’s limited collectors’ edition Doctor Who Chess Set (1992/4)
Consultancy and photographic research on Cornerstone Communications’ Doctor Who trading card series (1993 – 1996)
Consultancy on Harlequin Miniatures’ Doctor Who range of metal miniatures (1998 – 2000)
Contributor to The Radio Times Guide to Science Fiction (ed. Kilmeny Fane-Saunders, 2001, BBC)
Contributor to Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (ed. H C G Matthew and Brian Harrison, 2004, Oxford University Press)
Sleeve Notes for AudioGo/BBC Audio/BBC Studios range of Doctor Who audio readings of the Target Novelisations (ed. Michael Stevens, 2007-)
OTHER
Ran the Doctor Who Appreciation Society's Reference Department from 1979 until 1986.
Consultancy to Fine Art Castings on their range of miniature metal models from Doctor Who (1986-1987)
Directed two of Reeltime Pictures' Myth Makers series of video interviews. With Ian Marter (1987) and Mary Tamm (1990).
Text for booklets to accompany MBI’s limited collectors’ edition Doctor Who Chess Set (1992/4)
Consultancy and photographic research on Cornerstone Communications’ Doctor Who trading card series (1993 – 1996)
Consultancy on Harlequin Miniatures’ Doctor Who range of metal miniatures (1998 – 2000)
Contributor to The Radio Times Guide to Science Fiction (ed. Kilmeny Fane-Saunders, 2001, BBC)
Contributor to Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (ed. H C G Matthew and Brian Harrison, 2004, Oxford University Press)
Sleeve Notes for AudioGo/BBC Audio/BBC Studios range of Doctor Who audio readings of the Target Novelisations (ed. Michael Stevens, 2007-)
Contributed Doctor Who Merchandise information for Doctor Who: The Complete History (ed. John Ainsworth, 2015-2019, Hachette/Panini)
Reviewer for the Blazing Minds Culture site (www.blazingminds.co.uk)
Interviews and other feature material has also appeared in Fear, Skeleton Crew, The Dark Side, The Stage and TV Today, Film Review, the British Fantasy Society Newsletter, Sci Fi Entertainment, Dreamwatch, Starburst, Shivers, SFX, Deathray, LineOne Science Fiction Forum, Amazon.co.uk’s SF pages, The Guardian, SFW Magazine.
AS EDITOR
Editor of British Fantasy Society Newsletter (1992 - 1995)
Editor and publisher of Clive Barker: Mythmaker for the Millennium by Suzanne J. Barbieri (‘B’ format paperback, 1994, BFS)
Editor and publisher of Annabelle Says by Stephen Laws and Simon Clark (short story chapbook, 1995, BFS)
Editor and publisher of Shocks by Ronald Chetwynd-Hayes (short story chapbook, 1997, BFS)
Editor and publisher of Manitou Man: The Worlds of Graham Masterton by Graham Masterton, Ray Clark and Matt Williams (short story collection/analysis, A5 paperback, 1998, BFS)
Editor and publisher of Miscellany Macabre by Ken Cowley (short story collection, 1999, BFS)
Co-editor (with MPN Sims and LH Maynard) and publisher of F20 Issue 1 (dark fantasy anthology, 2000, BFS)
Co-editor (with MPN Sims and LH Maynard) and publisher of F20 Issue 2 (dark fantasy anthology, 2001, BFS)
Editor and publisher of Urban Gothic: Lacuna and Other Trips (TV tie-in anthology, 2001, BFS/Telos Publishing)
Editor and publisher of The Age of Chaos: The Multiverse of Michael Moorcock by Jeff Gardiner (analysis, A5 paperback, 2002, BFS)
Editor and publisher of Full Fathom Forty (short story collection, September 2011, BFS)
Editor of Tales from the Weekend (short story collection, March 2017, Telos Publishing)
AS PUBLISHER
Publisher of The Spiral Garden by Louise Cooper (short story collection, 2000, BFS)
Co-director of Telos Publishing Ltd 2000 – present day.
